Research Article
Elastofibroma dorsi: An Association with Hematological Malignancies
Mohamed Elshikh1*#, Bilal Mujtaba2#, William Murphy2, Peter Wei3, Jesse Rayan4, Ahmed Elsayes2, Jia Sun5 and Naveen Garg2
1Department of Internal Medicine, Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
2Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
3Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
4Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
5Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
#These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
*Corresponding author: Mohamed Elshikh, Department of Internal Medicine, Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Published: 07 Sep, 2017
Cite this article as: Elshikh M, Mujtaba B, Murphy W,
Wei P, Rayan J, Elsayes A, et al.
Elastofibroma dorsi: An Association
with Hematological Malignancies. Clin
Oncol. 2017; 2: 1338.
Abstract
Background: Elastofibroma dorsi (ED), a benign soft tissue tumor, has multiple chromosomal
mutations in 3q21, 1p32, 6q25, Xq and 19q13. Most of these mutations are also present in multiple
hematological malignancies. However, the clinical prevalence of ED in patients with hematological
or solid malignancies has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the
association between ED and other malignancies.
Methods: In this case-control study, we identified 52 ED patients (cases) and randomly selected
150 non–ED-patients (controls) who underwent Computed Tomography (CT) at our institution
between 1973 and 2015. Owing to the various malignancy subtypes, limited sample sizes, and
predominance of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) in these cohorts, Patients were pooled
into 1 of 3 categories: DLBCL, no cancer, and other cancers. The primary endpoints were the odds
ratios (ORs) of no cancer and other cancers using DLBCL as a reference. The second endpoints were
the ORs of affected systems using hematological malignancies as a reference.
Results: The mean age of the ED patients was significantly higher than that of the control patients (P
= 0.0003). Compared with control patients, ED patients had a higher risk of having DLBCL than no
cancer (P = 0.029) or other cancers (P = 0.001) and had a higher probability of having hematological
malignancies than other systems’ cancers (P = 0.002).
Conclusions: Compared with patients without ED, patients with ED have a higher risk of developing
hematological malignancies, especially DLBCL. This association is likely secondary to the mutations
shared by ED and hematological malignancies.
Introduction
Elastofibroma dorsi (ED) is a non-encapsulated benign soft tissue tumor that classically affects
the periscapular region but has also been reported to involve the olecranon process, stomach, axilla,
and intestine [1]. Pathologically, ED is composed of extracellular collagen and an elastin matrix
interspersed with fatty tissue strands and fibroblasts [2]. Despite its indolent clinical behavior, ED
has multiple chromosomal mutations Nishio et al. [3-7] found that 33% of ED patients had genetic
mutations, the most common of which were gains in [3]. McComb et al. reported that genetic
alterations in 1p32 were present in 3 cases of ED Vanni et al. [6] described the same 1p32 mutation as
well as mutations in 3q and 6q25 in ED patients [5]. Moreover, another report documented genetic
alterations in 1p32 in 2 patients with ED; the same study described multiple genetic mutations,
including 3q21 and 19q13, in the 2 patients. Most of the chromosomal mutations that have been
reported in ED are also present in multiple hematological malignancies; for example, mutations in
1p32 are also present in leukemia [8-12], and mutations in 3q21, 19q13, and Xq are also present in
B-cell lymphoma [13-15].
The clinical prevalence of ED in patients with hematological or solid malignancies has not yet
been reported. The shared chromosomal mutations of ED and hematological malignancies suggests
that these disease processes may be associated with one another. To test this observation, we
conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between
ED and other malignancies.
Table 1
Table 1
Patient characteristics Three control patients who were deceased at the time of the study were not included in the age analyses.
Table 2
Methods
Patient Data
The primary objective of this study is to determine the
associations between ED and other malignancies. In this case-control
study, we searched our institutional data registry and identified 52
patients diagnosed with and/or treated for ED (cases) from 1973
to 2015 and randomly selected 150 patients without ED (controls)
who under went CT at our institution. MD Anderson’s Institutional
Review Board approved the study with a waiver of consent. We
reviewed patients’ medical records and collected demographic,
clinical, pathological, and radiological data. Of the 52 ED patients, 17
had pathologically proven ED, and 35 had ED detected on imaging
studies for other diseases. Of the patients with pathologically proven
ED, 3 were excluded because no data were available for them, as only
their biopsy specimens were sent to our institution for pathological
confirmation. Of the remaining 49 patients with ED, 39 (80%) had
a malignant process, the most frequent of which was Diffuse Large
B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). Of the 150 control patients, 132 (88%)
had a neoplastic disease; their most common malignancies were
colon cancer and lung cancer.
Statistical analysis
To increase the statistical power, we applied a case-control ratio
of 1:3 in data collection. Owing to the large number of different
malignancy subtypes, the limited sample sizes, and the predominance
of DLBCL in the cohort, patients were pooled into1 of 3 categories:
patients with DLBCL, no cancer, and other cancers. The primary end
points were the odds ratios (ORs) of no cancer and other cancers
when DLBCL patients were used as the reference group. The second
endpoints included the ORs of other affected systems when patients
with hematological malignancies were used as the reference group.
Covariates included age, sex, and ED status (0 = control and 1 = case).
A total of 49 ED patients and 150 control patients were included in
the analysis.
Summary statistics for patient characteristics such as age, sex,
and malignancy type were provided in frequencies, means, standard
deviations, and ranges. As the outcome variable had multiple levels,
a multinomial logistic regression model was used to correlate other
malignances with ED status. The ORs of a basic model containing
a single dichotomous covariate (ED status) were obtained. All tests
were 2-sided, and p-values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically
significant. Statistical analysis was carried out using SAS version 9.2
(SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Results
Among the 49ED patients, the location ED most frequently
affected was the periscapular area in 47 patients (96%), followed by
the gastrointestinal tract in 2 patients (4%). In addition, 24 patients
(49%) had bilateral lesions, 14 (29%) had right-side ED, and 11 (22%)
had left-side ED. ED was incidentally detected in 40 patients (82%),
most of whom were receiving treatment for malignancy; detected in
8 patients (16%) who presented with complaints of a slowly growing
mass in their back; and detected in1 patient (2%) who presented with
chronic periscapular pain. Nine patients (18%) underwent surgery to
remove ED, and 8 patients (15%) were manual workers.
The ages in case and control groups were tested by 2 sample
t-test with equal variances. The mean age of the ED patients (67.27
years) was significantly higher than that of the control patients (58.73
years; P = 0.0003) (Table 1). A chi-squared test showed there was no
significant difference of sex distribution in case and control groups (P
= 0.59) (Table 1).
Association of ED with Other Malignancies
Ten ED patients and 15 control patients had no neoplastic
process. ED patients had 19 malignant diseases affecting 8 systems.
The most common malignant diseases among ED patients were
hematological malignancies, namely lymphoma, followed by
genitourinary malignancies. Control patients had 56 neoplastic
diseases (53 malignant and 3 benign) affecting 11 systems. The most
common malignant diseases among control patients were lung cancer
and colon cancer, followed by prostate cancer. Whereas only 7% (11
patients) of the 150 control patients had hematological malignancies,
22% (11 patients) of the 49 ED patients had hematological
malignancies. Moreover, only 1control patient (<1%) had DLBCL,
whereas 8 ED patients (16%) had DLBCL.
Because it was the most common malignant disease among ED
patients, DLBCL was used as the reference group in the comparison
of ED patients with control patients. Compared with control patients,
ED patients were at a significantly higher risk of having DLBCL than
having no cancer (P = 0.029) or other cancers (P = 0.001) (Table 2).
Because blood was the most common affected system by
malignancy in ED patients, hematological malignancies were used as
a reference in comparison with no cancer and other systems’ cancers
in both groups. When hematological malignancies were used as the
reference group, ED patients had a significantly higher risk of having
hematological malignancies than having other systems’ cancers
compared with control patients (P = 0.002) (Table 2). Genitourinary
cancers occurred at the same frequency as hematological malignancies
in ED patients. When genitourinary cancers were used as a reference
group, ED patients or control patients did not have significantly
different risks of having a genitourinary cancer rather than no cancer
(P = 0.39) or a genitourinary cancer rather than other system’s
cancers (P = 0.27).
Discussion
We found that, compared with control patients, ED patients have
a significantly higher risk of developing hematological malignancies
(P = 0.002), specifically DLBCL. This finding may be explained by
the chromosomal mutations that ED and hematological malignancies
share.
Chromosomal instability and multiple genetic breakpoints are the
salient cytogenetic features of ED [4-7]. The most commonly reported
genetic mutations in ED are at3q21, 1p31-p32-p36, Xq12-q22, 6q25,
and 19p13.3-q13.3 [4-7]. Multiple translocations involving 1p32 have
been reported in several types of leukemia, including acute T-cell,
B-cell, megakaryocytic, lymphoblastic, and monocytic leukemias [8-
12]. Moreover, chromosomal alterations at 3q21, 6q25, and 19q13
have been documented in several subtypes of DLBCL [13,15,16]. In the
present study, DLBCL was the most common malignancy in patients
with ED, and its incidence compared with that of other cancers was
significantly higher in ED patients than in control patients (P =
0.001). Bea et al. [16] documented multiple mutations of 3q in 41% of
activated B cell–like DLBCLs (26% were gain and 15% were trisomy
mutations). They also reported gain mutations of the X chromosome
in 13% of DLBCL patients. In another series, gain mutations in 3q23-
3q28 were detected in 25% – 36% of activated B cell–like DLBCLs
[13]. Three other reports documented structural abnormalities in 3q
in 6 instances of ED among5 patients [4,5,7]. In another study of 27
ED patients, the most common genetic mutations were gains in Xq,
occurring in 6 patients (22%) [3]. In addition found gain mutations in
chromosomes X and 3 in 32% and 24% of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
(NHL) patients, respectively [14]. Interestingly, DLBCL is the most
common subtype of NHL. In the present study, all but 1 of the 11
lymphoma patients who had ED had NHL (8 had DLBCL and 2
had follicular lymphoma). The aforementioned genetic mutation
patterns in ED and hematological malignancies might explain why
ED patients in the present study had a significantly higher risk of
hematological malignancies, especially DLBCL. However, additional
studies involving cytogenetic analyses are required to provide insight
and validate this finding.
Our findings may help elucidate the pathogenesis of ED.
Researchers have proposed many theories to explain the pathogenesis
of ED. Reactive elastic tissue hyper profile ration due to repetitive
micro-trauma and friction between the chest wall and scapular
tip—such as that which would occur in manual workers is generally
accepted to be the initiative event for elastofibromatous changes in
the periscapular area [17]. However, multiple reports have described
ED and pre-ED changes in non–manual workers El Hammoumi et
al. [1] found that only 25% of the ED patients in their study had a
history of repetitive occupational trauma. In the present study, only 8
ED patients (15%) were manual workers. These findings may reflect
that frequent friction between the scapular tip and chest wall is not
the etiology of ED. ED is more common in elderly patients, and some
researchers have proposed that ED is an aging process. In one autopsy
study found ED and ED-like changes to be very rare in individuals
less than 66 years old at death [18]. In the present study, we found
that the ages of the ED patients and the control patients differed
significantly (P = 0.0003). The ED patients’ mean age was 67.27 years,
and 71% of the ED patients were older than 60 years. Others have
posited that ED is a neoplastic process arising from genetic mutations
[4-7]. The present study showed that ED patients were at significantly
higher risk of having hematological malignancies, and both of them
share multiple mutation. The reported mutations and increased risk
of hematological malignancies in ED reflect the neoplastic nature of
ED.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that, compared with patients without ED, patients with ED have a higher risk of developing hematological malignancies, especially DLBCL. This association is likely secondary to the mutations in 1p32, 3q21, 19q13, 6q25, and Xq shared by ED and hematological malignancies.
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